Brain injury medicine addresses the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of persons with brain injury, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of related medical, physical, psychosocial, and vocational disabilities and complications during the lifetime of the patient.

Brain injury medicine includes disorders of brain function due to injury. These disorders encompass a range of medical, physical, cognitive, sensory, and behavioral disorders that result in psychosocial, educational, and vocational consequences. A specialist in brain injury medicine should also have special expertise in the treatment and management of other central nervous system insults (e.g., encephalopathies, anoxia) with similar neurocognitive presentations.